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This database contains 166 studies, archived under the term: "Risk Factor Modification"

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Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial
Objective: Diabetes is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and cognitive status remains unclear. This was explored using baseline cognitive measures collected in the ongoing Memory in Diabetes (MIND) substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.; Research Design and Methods: The relationship […]

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: the WHIMS-MRI Study
Objective: The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) hormone therapy (HT) trials reported that conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases risk for all-cause dementia and global cognitive decline. WHIMS MRI measured subclinical cerebrovascular disease as a possible mechanism to explain cognitive decline reported in WHIMS.; Methods: We contacted 2,345 women […]

Relative effects of tamoxifen, raloxifene, and conjugated equine estrogens on cognition
Objective: To compare the relative effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), raloxifene, and tamoxifen therapies on cognition among women aged > or =65 years.; Methods: Annual Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examinations were used to assess global cognitive function in the two randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of CEE therapies of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study […]

Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
Impaired glucose regulation is a defining characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathology and has been linked to increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Although the benefits of aerobic exercise for physical health are well-documented, exercise effects on cognition have not been examined for older adults with poor glucose regulation associated with prediabetes […]

Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial
Objectives: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response.; Design: Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial.; Setting: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit.; Participants: Thirty-three […]

Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons
Background: To our knowledge, no prospective study has examined the association between vitamin D and cognitive decline or dementia.; Methods: We determined whether low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) were associated with an increased risk of substantial cognitive decline in the InCHIANTI population-based study conducted in Italy between 1998 and 2006 with follow-up assessments […]

Rosiglitazone and cognitive stability in older individuals with type 2 diabetes and mild cognitive impairment
Objective: Studies have suggested that insulin resistance plays a role in cognitive impairment in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine whether an improvement in insulin resistance could explain cognitive performance variations over 36 weeks in older individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and type 2 diabetes.; Research Design and Methods: A total […]

Cognitive effects of memantine in postmenopausal women at risk of dementia: a pilot study
Background: To determine the effects of memantine on cognition in a normal population of postmenopausal women with putative risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using a built-in control for the genetic risk factor for AD (apoE-epsilon4 status).; Methods: A prospective, open-label, 6-month pilot medication trial with memantine and follow-up after discontinuance conducted at the Center […]

Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial
Context: The herbal product Ginkgo biloba is taken frequently with the intention of improving cognitive health in aging. However, evidence from adequately powered clinical trials is lacking regarding its effect on long-term cognitive functioning.; Objective: To determine whether G. biloba slows the rates of global or domain-specific cognitive decline in older adults.; Design, Setting, and […]

Survival of community-dwelling older people: the effect of cognitive impairment and social engagement
Objectives: To examine the association and interaction between cognitive impairment and social support and mortality.; Design: Prospective cohort study.; Setting: Fifty-three family practices in the United Kingdom.; Participants: Community-dwelling people (aged > or =75) participating in the Medical Research Council Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community (10,720 individual subjects […]

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